Fox
An animal of the family Canidae. Wild foxes are a familiar presence across Japan, and at the same time, since ancient times, they have been perceived as divine animals and are featured in numerous folk stories, legends, and performing art works.
A carnivore of the family Canidae. Foxes have a body length in the range of 45cm to 90cm, with a tail between 30cm and 55cm long, and body weight between 3kg and 14kg. They have short limbs, an elongated torso, pointed snout, and large triangular ears. Their tails are long and bushy. The secretion from the violet gland located at the base of the tail has a specific odor. Approximately 35 subspecies of foxes are widely distributed across Eurasia and North America. In Japan, the native species in Hokkaido is kita-kitsune (Ezo red fox), and in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu it is hondo-gitsune (mainland red fox), both subspecies of the red fox. They have a wide habitat range that includes grasslands, semi-arid areas, and mountain forest areas. Foxes are nocturnal animals, very cautious around people, but sometimes show up near human dwellings. They are omnivorous, and are known to dig holes to store their booty. Usually foxes are solitary, but when they raise their litter, the male fox brings food to the female. Subspecies such the silver fox have a dense lustrous pelt that is used as a material for fur scarves, collars, and coats, and foxes are bred for their fur. Fox hunting is a well-known activity in Europe and the US.
In China, the perceived characteristics of the fox to transform into a cunning creature, a trickster that deceives people, have given birth to numerous legends that were brought to Japan as well. On the other hand, since the Nara period (710 – 794), the fox has been considered a sacred animal, and the white fox in particular was seen as a symbol of good luck. There were customs of fox-worshipping and fortune-telling using foxes. According to some religious beliefs, the fox was a servant to the Ta-no-kami or Inari-no-kami, the Japanese deity of agriculture, so the fox was enshrined in Inari shrines in different provinces across Japan, including Fushimi Inari-taisha, the main Inari shrine in Kyoto. Fox mounds are believed to be vestiges of a custom to worship the fox as a deity of rice harvest. There was also a custom typical for the cold winter months, when feed was hard to come by, to pray and place offerings of deep-fried tofu, festive red rice, dried sardines, etc., into foxholes. This belief in the divinity of foxes was linked with the teachings of Buddhism and specifically Shingon Esoteric Buddhism, and thus spread further. Also, various narratives and superstitions were born, such as the kitsunebi (atmospheric ghost lights), kitsune-no-yomeiri (a term that refers to various phenomena, such as atmospheric ghost lights and sun showers), and kitsune-tsuki (the state of being possessed by a fox spirit). There are also numerous stories about foxes transforming into humans, for instance the legends about kitsune nyobo or foxes that change into beautiful women to marry humans. With these diverse characteristics, the fox is frequently featured in otogi-zoshi (fairy tales), rakugo (comic stories told by professional storytellers), and stage performing arts such as kyogen (traditional comic theatre), ningyo-joruri (puppet theatre), and kabuki (classical form of Japanese dance drama). The fox is also a ubiquitous presence in the daily lives of Japanese people, through objects such as the deep-fried tofu (also known as kitsune), numerous proverbs that use foxes as a metaphor for liars and cunning people, and plants such as kitsune azami (fox thistle).
Related People, Things and Events
Books
日本書紀 斉明天皇3年9月
万葉集 巻16「長忌寸意吉麻呂歌八首」
源氏物語 蓬生
狐媚記
徒然草 218段「きつねは人にくひつく物也」
御伽草子 きつねの草子
御伽草子 玉もの前
Picture Scroll of Kyogen
御伽草子 こわたきつね
伊曽保物語 中・第35「狐と鶏」
浄瑠璃 芦屋道満大内鑑
浄瑠璃 義経千本桜 四段目「狐の前」外題
読本・白狐伝
合巻・三国妖狐殺生石
柳田國男 孤猿随筆
Related Works
Videos
Past Exhibitions
| Title | shusai | Place | open | close |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Institutions and External Links
- 国際日本文化研究センター 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース
怪異・妖怪伝承データベースで、キツネ、キツネビ(狐火)、キツネツキ(狐憑き)、イヅナ(飯綱、飯縄、狐の妖怪、妖術師)などを検索すると、文献の具体的な要点、内容の要約などが紹介されている。
References
- 『世界大百科事典』(japanknowledge) 「狐」の項
- 『日本大百科全書』(japanknowledge) 「狐」の項
- 『日本国語大辞典』(japanknowledge) 「狐」の項
- 日本歴史大事典小学館
- 狐 : 陰陽五行と稲荷信仰 吉野裕子著,法政大学出版局,吉野, 裕子(1916-)||ヨシノ, ヒロコ <AU00257599> 著
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