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二月稲荷社初午詣 / 立命館ARC

Hatsuuma

An Inari Shrine holiday; Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto has been crowded with worshipers from ancient times, and from there this holiday spread across the country during the Edo period (1603-1867)

Hatsuuma is the first day of the horse in February. It is a sacred day of Inari Shrine and also the name of the festival itself. Hatsuuma is said to be the day when the god Inari descended to Sangamine (the three peaks) on Mt. Inari in Fushimi, Kyoto.

       Since the Heian period, Fushimi Inari Shrine has been crowded with Hatsuuma worshipers. In Konjaku monogatari shu (Anthology of Tales from the Past, late Heian period), it is written that on Hatsuuma, the upper, middle, and lower classes of Kyoto all mingle together at Inari Shrine (vol. 28, "Kon'e no toneri domo Inari ni maude; Shigekata onna ni au koto"), and that on the day of Hatsuuma, people go up from Yamato to Kyoto to visit Inari Shrine (vol. 30, "Yamato no kuni no hito; Hito no musume o uru koto"). Sei Shonagon in her Pillow Book also describes visiting Inari Shrine on Hatsuuma in a section on enviable things. She writes that on this day there was also the custom of bringing back a cedar from Mt. Inari and planting it in one’s own garden for fortune-telling purposes.

       With the spread of Inari worship from the middle ages on, the Hatsuuma Festival spread across Japan, and Inari Associations became popular in the Kanto region in the early modern period. The 1751 edition of Edo soganoko meisho taizen (The Complete Book of Noted Places in Edo) describes Hatsuuma in Edo. According to this work, the first day of the horse is called Hatsuuma, and at the Inari shrine in Edo, banners are displayed, a kagura (Shinto music and dance) is performed, and worshipers gather at the shrine.

       According to the lunar calendar, Hatsuuma is about the time to start farming. Hatsuuma is said to be a festival for honoring the god Inari, who has the character of a farmer, to insure a good harvest.

       In the northern Kanto region, one of the foods associated with Hatsuuma is sumitsukari (shimotsukare), which is made by boiling daikon radish, soybeans, and a salmon head in sake lees.

       Finally, there is a nationwide folk belief that when Hatsuuma comes early, there will be many fires.

Related People, Things and Events

Books

Related Works

Banners of the first horse day, etc.

Videos

Institutions Holding Related Materials

  • 京都市伏見区にある。全国に3万社あるとされる稲荷社の総本宮。2月初午の日に初午大祭が催される。

  • 東京都北区にある。関東稲荷総社と言われ、江戸時代から庶民に親しまれてきた。毎年初午の日に凧の市が開かれる。

  • 伏見稲荷大社のサイト。

  • 王子稲荷の初午祭の浮世絵が閲覧できる。

References

  1. サンプルページ「初午」の項。
  2. 「伏見稲荷大社」の項。
  3. 「今昔物語集」「枕草子」
  4. 三田村鳶魚 編,朝倉治彦 校訂,中央公論社
  5. 日立デジタル平凡社,平凡社