Jump to main content
/

Monkey

Since ancient times, worshipped as mountain deities and umayagami (horse guardians, lit. “stable gods”); the Japanese macaque (nihon-zaru) is indigenous to Japan

A generic name for mammals that belong to the order of Primates. In taxonomy, monkeys are classified in the following two large categories: Strepsirhini, which includes the Daubentonia madagascariensis and the Lemuridae, and Haplorhini, which includes the chimpanzee and the gorilla. In Japan, the word “monkey” is used mainly for the Japanese macaque, a species that belongs to the Cercopithecidae family, Macaca genus. 

The Japanese macaque is indigenous to Japan, and it can be found in a broad variety of habitats on the islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. The Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, in particular, is known as the northernmost point inhabited by primates other than humans. As close and familiar primates, Japanese macaques bear many similarities to humans, so they are also used as a metaphor in character sketches. An example of such use can be found in a poem included in Manyoshu (“Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves”), the oldest existing compilation of Japanese poetry. Personified images of monkeys are depicted in Da-tang san-zang qu-jing shi-hua (“The Story of How Tripitaka of the Great Tang Procures the Scriptures”), a Chinese text that dates back to the Song dynasty and is the source book of Journey to the West. They also appear in Choju-jinbutsu-giga (“Animal-Person Caricatures”), a set of picture scrolls created between the late Heian period (from around 1156 to around 1185) and the early Kamakura period (from around 1185 to around 1199).

Since ancient times, monkeys have been revered as mountain deities. At Hiyoshi Taisha, a shrine in Shiga Prefecture which is famous for Sanno Shinko (the belief in the mountain deity), monkeys have been worshipped as messengers of the gods. People also believed that monkeys were umayagami (horse guardians, lit. “stable gods”), and Kokon Chomon-ju (“A Collection of Notable Tales Old and New”), which was compiled in 1254, features an account of a monkey that was kept in a stable and revered as a sacred guardian of horses. In Koshin Shinko, a folk faith with Taoist origins, influenced by Shinto, Buddhism, and other local beliefs, which flourished during the Edo period (1603–1868), symbols of particular prominence apart from Shomen-Kongo, a fearsome blue-faced deity with many arms, were the three wise monkeys Mizaru, covering his eyes, who sees no evil, Kikazaru, covering his ears, who hears no evil, and Iwazaru, covering his mouth, who speaks no evil. The Koshin custom of staying awake throughout one special night every 60 days to repress one’s physical desires spread throughout Japan.

After World War II, Kinji Imanishi of Kyoto University led the Japanese scientific community in advancing research in the field of primates with a focus on Japanese macaques. The Japan Monkey Centre was established in 1956, and the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, was founded in 1967. 

Related People, Things and Events

Books

Related Works

Craft works

Videos

Past Exhibitions

TitleshusaiPlaceopenclose

Institutions Holding Related Materials

  • The National Diet Library (NDL), founded in 1948, is the library which belongs to the Diet. The NDL assists the activities of the National Diet. The Library collects and conserves materials and information both from Japan and abroad, serving as a foundation of knowledge and culture and providing library services to administrative and judicial entities and Japanese citizens.

  • As Japan’s representative museum, Tokyo National Museum collects, preserves, displays, and researches the cultural properties of Asia with a focus on Japan, and also provides educational programs.

  • The Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies (KU-ORCAS) will open up the university's "knowledge" to the whole society by making the digital archives accessible to all people around the world, as well as by opening up our research resources, research groups, research know-how, and research results. In addition to providing useful data not only to East Asian researchers but also to researchers in other fields, businesses, local governments, and citizens, we aim to return the results of our research to society by discovering new value in the humanities.

  • Kyoto National Museum collects, preserves, displays, researches and provides educational programs focusing on cultural properties from Heian- through to Edo- period Japan, when the capital was located there.

  • 早稲田大学の前身「東京専門学校」が明治15年(1882)に図書室を設置して以来の歴史を有する大学図書館。 「大津絵青面金剛」を所蔵する。

External Links

  • 愛知県犬山市に所在。昭和31年(1956)、サル類の総合的研究、野生ニホンザルの保護などを目的に設立され、世界屈指のサル類動物園も運営する。

  • 愛知県犬山市に所在。昭和42年(1967)、霊長類に関する総合的研究と全国の研究者の共同利用研究所として、京都大学に附置される。

References

  1. 小林責, 西哲生, 羽田昶 著,筑摩書房
  2. 山本東次郎 編著,玉川大学出版部
  3. 日本モンキーセンター 編,京都通信社
  4. 中川尚史, 友永雅己, 山極寿一 編,京都通信社
  5. 井本英一 著,法政大学出版局
  6. 鄭高詠 著,白帝社
  7. 鈴木棠三 [著],KADOKAWA
  8. 篠田知和基 著,八坂書房