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異端(踏絵) / ColBase

The Modern Age of Yamato-e Inheriting Tradition and Taking on the Challenge of Innovation

Yamato-e was established in the early Heian period (794-1185) while learning from paintings of Chinese origin called "Karae" and has continued to be painted for a long time in the history of Japanese painting. This exhibition looks back on the development of Yamato-e in the modern period, featuring works by the restoration Yamato-e artists who appeared in the late Edo period, works by Tosa- and Sumiyoshi-ha painters of the Meiji period, works by "neo-classical" artists active in the Inten exhibition after the Taisho period, and works by the emerging Yamato-e society that aimed to establish a "new Yamato-e".

1. Revival of Classical Yamato-e

In the Muromachi period, Yamato-e reached its peak, and the Tosa school was born from Tosa Yukihiro, who succeeded to the court painting office in Kyoto, and in the early Edo period, Sumiyoshi Jokei branched off and established the Sumiyoshi school. However, both the Tosa and Sumiyoshi schools continued to decline toward the end of the Edo period. The Restoration Yamato-e Movement was started by Tanaka Totsugen, Ukita Ikkei, and Reizei Tamechika to restore Yamato-e to its original state. This section introduces the works of these three Yamato-e restorers.


Column1: What is the "Restoration Yamato-e Movement"?
The "Restoration Yamato-e Movement" refers to the painting movement that took place in the late Edo period and aimed to revive classical Yamato-e in the modern period. The movement was not limited to the existing Yamato-e schools such as the Tosa and Sumiyoshi schools, but sought to create a vibrant Yamato-e style by tracing its origins back to the classical traditions.

1-1. Works by Tanaka Totsugen (1767-1823)

1. Tanaka Totsugen "Bugakuzu"
Tanaka Totsugen was a painter of the late Edo period and is known as the founder of the Restoration Yamato-e school. After studying the Tosa school, he studied Yamato-e of the Heian and Kamakura periods and worked to revive it. This work depicts two bugaku performances, Ryoo on the left and Kanjoraku on the right.

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1-2. Works by Ukita Ikkei (1795-1829)

6. Ukita Ikkei "Madenokojifujifusa-zou"
Ukita Ikkei was a painter of the late Edo period who studied painting under Tanaka Totsugen. He studied Yamato-e of the Heian and Kamakura periods as well as the art of the Yu-sokukojitsu tradition, and worked to revive Yamato-e. He was also a diligent poet and waka poet. This work is a copy of "Madenokojifujifusa" by Tosa Mitsunobu, reproduced by Ikkei.

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1-2. Works by Reizei Tamechika (1823-1864)

13. Reizei Tamechika "Kodainokimi (molded copy), Gotobainbon 36 Kasen-e"
Reizei Tamechika was a painter of the late Edo period who taught himself Yamato-e. He mastered the most authentic painting techniques of the Fukko Yamato-e school and left behind a wide range of works rich in elegance. This work is a copy of "Kodainokimi" owned by Senshuji temple in Mie, but it boasts a high degree of perfection due to its delicate line drawings.

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2. Movement for the defense of traditional art

In 1879, the Ryuchi-kai became the center of activities of the nationalistic conservative school in art, providing a venue for traditional conservative artists to create and exhibit their works. The association later evolved into the Japan Art Association, in which many painters of the Tosa and Sumiyoshi schools participated, including Kawabe Mitate, Morizumi Tsurana, and Yamana Tsurayoshi. In 1894, young painters who became independent from the internal organization formed the Japan Youth Painting Association, and the works of Tosa School painters Murata Tanryo and Kobori Tomoto came to be highly acclaimed.

2-1. Works by artists belonging to the Japan Art Association

Column 2: What is the "Japan Art Association"?
The "Japan Art Association" is an art organization based on the Ryuchi-kai, which was organized by Sano Tsunetami, Kawase Shuji, Kuki Ryuichi, and others in 1879 to preserve and enlighten the traditions of Japanese art. The association's activities were closely connected with the Imperial Household and the Ministry of the Imperial Household, and reached its peak in the 1887-1988 period.
22. Yamana Tsurayoshi "Chukokuhoshotokuzu"
Yamana Tsurayoshi was a painter of the Meiji period who studied under Sumiyoshi Hirotsura of the Sumiyoshi School. He is known as a painter who studied under the Sumiyoshi School and devoted himself to the revival of Yamato-e and the preservation of antique art, passing it on to the next generation. This work depicts a scene from the Tale of the Heike, in which Minamoto no Nakakuni searches for and visits the Emperor Takakura's favorite concubine, Shotoku.

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2-2. Works by artists belonging to Japan Youth Painting Association

Column 3: What is the "Japan Youth Painting Association"?
The "Young Painters' Association of Japan" was formed in 1894 by a group of young painters who became independent from the internal organization of the Japan Art Association to foster the development of future generations. In 1894, the association was renamed the "Japan Painting Association" with the addition of innovators who were graduates of the Tokyo Fine Arts School and painters from Kyoto as members.
35. Kobori Tomoto "Imperial vestments"
Kobori Tomoto was a painter active from the Meiji to Showa periods. He was well versed in the art of the Yusokukojitsu", and excelled at historical and portrait paintings that continued the techniques of the Yamato-e tradition. This painting depicts a scene in which Sugawara no Michizane recites the poem "The Imperial Robe of the Gift is Here Now" in Dazaifu, and was awarded the Bronze Medal at the 5th Japan Art Exhibition.

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3. Rediscovering Ideal Beauty

In 1898, the Shikoh-kai was formed by students of Kobori Tomoto. The group changed its name to the Kohji-kai when Imamura Shikoh joined the group, and worked to create a new style of historical painting. When the Kohji-kaii was dissolved in 1913, many of its members moved to the Japan Art Institute, and three of its members, YasudaYukihiko, Kobayashi Kokei , and Maeda Seison, became its core painters. They are regarded as "Neoclassical" artists because they found ideal beauty in the classical Yamato-e style and tried to revive it for the modern age.

3-1. Works by Yasuda Yukihiko (1884-1978)

43. Yasuda Yukihiko "Indoor"
Yasuda Yukihiko was active from the Taisho to Showa periods and studied under Kobori Tomoto. He was highly acclaimed for his painting style, which was oriented toward new and elegant historical paintings, while uniquely adapting the traditions of Yamato-e. This still-life painting depicts a corner of a room, and uses the iron line drawing that was one of Yukihiko's specialties.

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3-2. Works by Kobayashi Kokei (1883-1957)

53. Kobayashi Kokei "Hot Spring"
Kobayashi Kokei was active from the Meiji to Showa periods and studied under Kajita Hanko. He left behind an intellectual style of painting that emerged from the Yamato-e painting method, interpreted the classics with a new sensibility, and controlled the Romantic style with introspective lines. This work was inspired by the hot springs of the Hara family's villa at Lake Ashinoko in Hakone.

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4. The Challenge of New Yamato-e

The Imperial Art Academy exhibitions began in 1919, and while paintings with pronounced Western-style expression attracted attention, the number of densely colored works influenced by traditional Yamato-e increased, creating a major force within the Teiten. Matsuoka Eikyu and his students started this new trend. Eikyu gathered his students, including Iwata Masami, Anayama Shodo, Kano Koga, and Endo Kyozo, to form the Emerging Yamato-e Society, which aimed to create a new Yamato-e style suited to modern life.

3-2. Works by Matsuoka Eikyu (1881-1938)

64. Matsuoka Eikyu "Yoshitsune of Yashima"
Matsuoka Eikyu was active from the Meiji to Showa periods and studied under Tsurayoshi Yamana. Under the slogan "Emerging Yamato-e," he devoted himself to the new development and modernization of Yamato-e. The subject of this work is Minamoto no Yoshitsune, and is faithfully depicted down to the armor and armors based on the first part of the Tale of the Heike.

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4-2. Works by artists belonging to the Emerging Yamato-e Association

Column 4: What is the "Emerging Yamato-e Association"?
The "Emerging Yamato-e Association" was a study group led by Matsuoka Eikyu and formed by Iwata Masami, Anayama Katsudo, Kano Hoga, and Endo Kyozo. The group's activities were based on the clear policy, "Live in the times based on classical culture," and it dominated the art world for a time.
70. "Kusamakura Emaki (first volume)"
This work is a three-volume picture scroll of Natsume Soseki's novel "Kusamakura" published in 1906, with a total of 27 painters, including Matsuoka Eikyu and his students of the Emerging Yamato-e Association, participating members, each working on one section of the work. In 1926, the "Kusamakura Picture Scroll Exhibition" was held at the chapel of Tsukiji Honganji Temple.

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