Azalea (Tsutsuji)
A shrub with red or white flowers from spring to summer
Azaleas are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees of the genus Rhododendron in the family Ericaceae. The leaves are alternate, and the flowers are bell-shaped or tubular sympetalae (flowers with fused petals). Taxonomically, deciduous or semi-evergreen Rhododendron species are azaleas, and evergreen ones are rhododendrons. In Japan, however, shakunage (rhododendron) is used only for rhododendrons closely related to hon-shakunage (Rhododendron  japonoheptamerum var. hondoense). Even though it is an evergreen, hikage tsutsuji (Rhododendron keiskei) is not considered a rhododendron. However, the evergreen Rhododendron species that entered Europe from China and elsewhere were cultivated under the name "rhododendron," and the deciduous Rhododendron species of East Asia and the United States were cultivated and entered Japan under the name "azalea," which causes confusion. Yet phyletically, there is no essential difference between deciduous and evergreen species, so the distinction between azaleas and rhododendrons is just for convenience.
       There are 850 known Rhododendron species in the world, and these are classified into several subgenera. Of these, the plants classified into the subgenus Tsutsusi are usually called tsutsuji (azaleas), and include kometsutsuji (Rhododendron tschonoskii), yamatsutsuji (Rhododendron kaempferi), and miyama kirishima (Rhododendron kiusianum).
       Because azalea flowers are considered cute, many cultivars have been produced all over the world since traditional times. In Japan as well, varieties have been bred from endemic wild species. Cultivation of azaleas became popular during the Edo period (1603-1867), and many varieties were produced in various places, bearing the name of the land. These include the Kerama azalea, Hirado azalea, Sata azalea, mountain azalea, Kirishima azalea, and Kurume azalea.
       Azaleas bloom in early summer, so they were considered a sign of the start of the farming season. A custom called Tentobana involved attaching azaleas and wisteria to the tip of a rod and planting it at the head of a garden. This yorishiro was an invitation for a Shinto god to descend from the mountain.
       Azaleas are planted in a number of parks. Especially famous are the azaleas at Tsutsujigaoka Park in Tatebayashi, Gunma Prefecture. The Japanese azalea colony of Tsutsujigahara in Yamanashi Prefecture, the ontsutsuji (Rhododendron weyrichii) colony of Funakubo in Tokushima Prefecture, and the miyama kirishima colony in Ikenohara, Nagasaki Prefecture, have been designated as natural monuments.
       Satsuki (Rhododendron indicum) is also an azalea. While the flowers and tree are shaped like other azaleas, its blooms remarkably late. In the Edo period, its cultivation and development of varieties lagged behind those of other azaleas, but later, after a temporary decline, interest in the satsuki azalea revived from around the Taisho era (1912-1926). It was introduced to Europe in premodern times and has become an important basic species of azalea cultivars.
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