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Culture of the Edo period (1) – Kanei Culture

Culture from the Genna (1615–1624) through the Kanei (1624–1644) years: Inheriting the characteristics of the middle ages and building bridges to the Genroku era (1688–1704)

The term refers to the culture of the Kanei era (1624–1644) in the early Edo period, and by extension to the culture of the entire early modern age that was created in the period from the Genna era and continued throughout the Kanbun era. After Genna-Enbu (the peaceful state after the Genna era) (1615), in a period of relative peace and stability, the early modern feudal system of government with the Shogunate at its top was further strengthened. In the academic field, the government recognized and promoted the teachings of the Cheng–Zhu school of Chinese philosophy. Edo became the seat of a flourishing Confucian culture adapted to the political system, and the third shogun of the Tokugawa lineage, Iemitsu Tokugawa, completed the Nikko Toshogu Shrine as a mausoleum to enshrine his grandfather Ieyasu.

             Meanwhile, Kyoto became the stage of a growing momentum to revive the classic culture through the joint efforts of the aristocracy, warrior class, Buddhist priests, and the upper ranks of the townsfolk. Emperor Gomizunoo, a man of outstanding abilities both in academics and in arts, endeavored to restore the court culture, and devoted himself to studying classical literature and waka poetry, and also encouraged the common people to practice the arts. He is also known for designing the Shugakuin Imperial Villa, a complex, which together with the Katsura Imperial Villa, is representative of the architecture of that era. His wife, the daughter of Hidetada Tokugawa, the Empress Consort Masako Tokugawa (also known under the name Tofuku mon-in later in life), worked to restore various cultural assets, such as temples and shrines, damaged by wars, including Kiyomizu Temple. Sowa Kanamori, Sotatsu Tawaraya, Mitsuhiro Karasumaru, and other artists on the forefront of the Kanei culture were regular visitors at the imperial court. A representative figure of that period was Koetsu Honami, an artist who exhibited his talents in a wide variety of fields: calligraphy, painting, lacquer art, ceramics, etc. Later, the Kanei culture inherited the culture of splendor that had been cultivated ewer since the middle ages, and at the same time performed the important role of a source for the culture creation process that connects the early modern period to today, a role for which the Kanei culture is held in high esteem.

Literature and art

One of the most outstanding artists of the Momoyama and early Edo periods who produced masterful calligraphy, lacquerware, and ceramics 1558-1637

A Buddhist monk and literary figure of the early Edo period; known as a skilled calligrapher, one of “The Three Brushes of the Kanei Period

A tea ceremony master of the early Edo period, founder of the Enshu style of tea ceremony, and an administrator in the Tokugawa Shogunate, who, in addition, excelled in architecture, civil engineering, Japanese garden design, and calligraphy

An aristocrat of the early modern period who was also a poet, a skilled writer, and an accomplished calligrapher

The Anthology of Thirty-Six Poets (Jp. Sanju-Rokkasen) selected by Fujiwara-no-Kinto (996-1041) was a sought-after poetry book among the Heian court nobility. In the 12th century, toward the end of the Heian Era, the kasen-e, or portraits and inscriptions of the representative waka poems of the thirty-six immortal poets, came into being. The early editions of kasen-e paintings and inscriptions for each poet appeared as handscrolls. Then they became popular motifs on shikishi, or decorated square paper. Later, bound shikishi books, or the shikishi-cho (shikishi book), came into being. Whichever editing style was adopted, only the most famous painters of the era were commissioned to draw the portraits of the long-admired poets. Likewise, outstanding calligraphers, often noblemen, of the time were asked to hand-copy the poems.The exhibit shows a kasen-e painted on colorful and decorative mica-covered shikishi, on which Suminokura Soan wrote down representative waka by each poet. As each shikishi was separated into “right” and “left” groups, they were likely produced for poetry contests. Originally, these shikishi cards derived from a Thirty-Six Poets Shikishi Book. One leaf depicting Ki-no-Tsurayuki is missing. Suminokura Soan (1571-1632) headed the affluent Suminokura Family of Kyoto during the early Edo Period. His common name was Yoichi. He often used the literary pseudonym of Soan. Engaged in a government-licensed “vermillion seal” (Jp. Shuin) trade, Soan’s father Ryoi (1554-1614) had built a fortune. Soan inherited the family business and expanded it, for example, by opening up the shipping service on the Takase-gawa River in Kyoto, contracting civil engineering projects and trade business. It is said that he made as many as 16 voyages for the licensed trade, his ships carrying the vermillion seal. During the Winter Campaign of Osaka (Osaka Fuyu-no-Jin), he took charge of military-ware logistics for the Tokugawas. Later Soan was a big influence during the construction of the Edo Castle. Soan was also a well-learned scholar in Chinese and ancient Japanese arts and literature and was a man of refined taste. In calligraphy, in particular, he studied under Hon-ami Koetsu (1558-1637), one of the widely-acclaimed Three Brushes of the Kannei Era, and himself was hailed as the best Hon-ami School disciple. As clearly seen in the exhibited shikishi, Soan’s calligraphy was very similar to his master’s. Although the painter has not been identified, the traditional style using some contemporary interpretation and the natural flow reminds the viewer of the Kano-style rendition. The silver-mud mist around each poet’s portrait adds splendor to the otherwise monotonous renditions.

A kaishi, literally ‘pocket paper’, was a sheet of paper folded down the middle and carried in the breast pocket. It was used to write impromptu 31-syllable poems known as waka. Konoe Nobuhiro (1599-1649) was fourth son of the emperor GoYozei (1571-1617). His mother, empress Sakiko, was younger sister of Konoe Nobutada (1565-1614). Nobutada had no heir, so he adopted his nephew at the age of seven. Educated by Nobutada in the arts of calligraphy and waka poetry, Nobuhiro was particularly noted for his skill in writing characters exactly like those of his teacher. An avid scholar, Nobuhiro acquired learning in many fields and was particularly fond of the tea ceremony. This waka kaishi was produced for the opening of a poetry gathering on January 19, 1617. Nobuhiro was then 19 and was courtier of the second rank, with the title of Minister of the Right.

仮名草子は慶長幎間1596〜1615の頃より刊行された、平仮名で曞かれた文孊䜜品。幕府の封建䜓制確立の時期にあたるこずから啓蒙的傟向が匷い䞀方、名所案内や芋聞録なども散芋される。朚版印刷技術の普及に䌎い流行し、埌に成立する江戞期の文孊に倚倧な圱響を䞎えた。

いけのがうせんこう。華道池坊家䞉十二䞖家元。初䞖専奜の確立した芞を受け継ぎ、倚皮倚様な草朚を甚いお倧自然を衚珟する立花を寛氞期に倧成。埌氎尟倩皇の寵愛を受けお宮䞭にお立花を指導し、公歊ず芪亀を深めお同家の地䜍を確固たるものずし、倚数の立花図も残した。

江戞時代初期の歌人、俳人。和歌、連歌、儒孊、神道、有職故実など文芞・孊問を広範に孊び、京郜に私塟を開いお庶民教育に取り組んだ。たた、和歌や連歌にはみられない平易卑俗な衚珟をもった俳諧が時代に適しおいるずし、近䞖俳諧を倧成しお貞門俳諧の祖ずなった。

Scholarship

はやしらざん。江戞時代初期の儒孊者。近䞖儒孊の祖である藀原惺窩せいかのもずで朱子孊を孊び、やがお垫に掚挙されお埡甚孊者ずしお埳川家康から家綱に至る四代にわたっお幕府に仕え、法床、倖亀、兞瀌などに関䞎した。たた、同時代に掻躍した小堀遠州や狩野探幜らずも亀友を結んだ。

ふじわらせいか。江戞時代初期に掻躍した朱子孊者で、近䞖儒孊の祖ずされる。もずは盞囜寺の犅僧であったが、朝鮮の儒孊者である姜沆きょうこうず出䌚い、埌に還俗しお朱子孊を究めた。門䞋には、儒者ずしお埳川家康に仕えた林矅山などがいる。

朱子孊は䞭囜南宋の朱熹しゅきによっお確立された儒孊の新䜓系。孔孟こうもうの真の教えを明らかにしようずしたずころに特城があり、日本には鎌倉時代に䌝来。犅僧を䞭心に受容され、やがお公家や䞊局の歊士に圱響を䞎えた。江戞初期には藀原惺窩せいからによっお隆盛し、幕府は官孊ずしお保護した。

いしかわじょうざん。江戞時代初期の挢詩人。埳川家に仕える歊士の家系に生たれたが、倧坂倏の陣においお軍埋に反したこずで歊士の身分を捚おお出家。藀原惺窩せいかに垫事しお儒孊や詩文を孊び、埌に掛北の䞀条寺に隠棲しお林矅山などの文化人ず亀誌を結ぶ。

ほりきょうあん。江戞時代初期の儒医、儒孊者。医孊を曲盎瀬正玔たなせしょうじゅんに、儒孊を藀原惺窩せいかに孊び、林矅山・束氞尺五・那波掻所なわかっしょずずもにの惺窩門䞋四倩王ず称された。埌幎、尟匵藩䞻の埳川矩盎に仕えお儒官ずなった。

Fine art

A group of artists that has held sway over Japanese painting circles for 400 years

江戞時代前期狩野掟の絵垫。江戞幕府が成立するず父の孝信ずずもに江戞に進出を図り、幕府埡甚絵垫ずなる。政暩の安定にずもない絵垫を江戞に䞋らせお勢力を拡倧し、江戞狩野の地歩を固める。江戞における絵画文化の黎明期を支え、埌幎の浮䞖絵をはじめずする庶民芞術の源流ずなった。

桃山時代から江戞時代初期にかけお掻躍した京郜狩野掟を代衚する絵垫。狩野山楜の門匟で、埌に嚘婿ずなる。矩父の装食的画颚を継承しながらも、繊现で倧胆な画颚を確立した。たた儒孊者ずの亀友も知られ、林矅山の䟝頌によっお「歎䞖倧儒像」などの䜜品を手掛けた。

くすみもりかげ。江戞時代前期の江戞狩野掟の流れを汲む絵垫。探幜門䞋の四倩王の䞀人に数えられるが、埌に砎門されたこずで攟浪の生涯を送る。圓時の狩野掟は手本に重きを眮く粉本䞻矩によっお創造性が倱われ぀぀あったなか、江戞を離れお蟲村の颚景颚俗を捉え、埓来の狩野掟にはない新境地を開いた。

江戞時代初期に掻躍した絵垫。京郜に育ち、埌に越前に赎き本栌的な絵画制䜜をはじめる。颚刺を含んだ和挢の人物画、叀浄瑠璃や説教節を正本ずした絵巻、たた新様匏の矎人画像の兞型を生み出し、寛氞期の颚俗画に䞎えた圱響は倧きく、存呜䞭より浮䞖又兵衛の異名を誇った。

江戞時代前期の有田の陶工。䞭囜の䞊絵付けの技法を孊び、日本で初めお色絵磁噚の焌成に成功する。玔癜の癜磁に色絵具を甚いお花鳥人物文などを描いた䜜品は柿右衛門様匏ず称えられ、埌幎ペヌロッパにも茞出されるなど囜内倖に倧きな圱響を䞎えた。

有田焌は江戞時代初頭、肥前有田䞀垯の諞窯にお生産がはじたった磁噚。䌊䞇里枯から諞囜に積み出されたため䌊䞇里焌ずも呌ばれる。藩䞻の鍋島氏が文犄・慶長の圹の埌、朝鮮より連れ垰った陶工を䞭心に興ったこずから初期有田焌は李朝の様匏がみられ、たた䞭囜磁噚の圱響も指摘されおいる。

唐接焌は䜐賀県西郚から長厎県北郚䞀垯で生産される磁噚の総称。開窯に぀いおは鎌倉䞭期、宀町䞭期、桃山初期などの諞説がある。最初期の焌き物は雑噚であるが、次第に茶人の奜みに応えた茶碗や花噚が䜜られるようになり、唐接焌は楜焌や萩焌ずずもに茶陶の䞻流ずなった。

ののむらにんせい。江戞時代初期の京焌の名工。寛氞期を代衚する茶人である金森宗和に指導を仰ぎ、正保4幎1647頃に開窯。同時代の朮流であった「きれい寂び」の矎意識に基づき、優雅で掗緎された造圢の茶噚や懐石道具を生み出した。晩幎には尟圢也山に陶法を䌝授したずいわれおいる。

Architecture and gardens

栃朚県日光垂に所圚し、朝廷から東照倧暩珟の神号を莈られた埳川家康を祀る神瀟。元和3幎1617に創建され、珟圚の壮麗な瀟殿は寛氞13幎1636に埳川家光の呜によっおおこなわれた倧造替を経お完成する。壁画や倩井画は幕府の埡甚絵垫であった狩野探幜䞀門が担い、暩珟造ず称される建築様匏はその埌、近䞖神瀟建築に倚く採甚された。

桂離宮は埌陜成倩皇の匟で八条宮家初代智仁ずしひず芪王、智忠ずしただ芪王父子が珟圚の京郜垂西京区桂埡園に建おた別荘建築。元和6幎1620頃より造営され、叀曞院、䞭曞院、新曞院の数寄屋造の曞院、圓時の貎族趣味にあわせた草朚で圩られた回遊匏庭園、月波楌、束琎亭、笑意軒などの茶宀から構成される。

修孊院離宮は珟圚の京郜垂巊京修孊院に造営された埌氎尟倩皇の山荘。埌氎尟倩皇の構想に基づいお明暊元幎1655に着工され、䞊かみ・䞭なか・䞋しもの3぀の埡茶屋庭園で構成される。比叡山の麓にあっお自然の地圢を最倧限に生かし、寛氞期における王朝文化を代衚する倧庭園ずしお名高い。

枅氎寺は延暊17幎798、坂䞊田村麻呂が延鎮を開山ずしお建立。その埌、幟床か焌倱ず再建を繰り返し、珟圚の䌜藍の倧郚分は寛氞10幎1633に埳川家光の揎助によっお再建された。本堂は珟圚囜宝に指定され、懞造りずよばれる䌝統工法によっお䜜られた匵り出し舞台では叀くから雅楜や胜楜などの芞胜が奉玍されおきた。

延暊寺は延暊7幎788、最柄によっお開創された䞀条止芳院を前身ずする倩台宗の総本山。山内には東塔、西塔、暪川の3区域があり、なかでも東塔にある根本䞭堂は延暊寺の䞭心道堎ずしお珟圚囜宝に指定される。織田信長によっお焌打ちされた埌、寛氞19幎1642に埳川家光の呜によっお再興された。

References

  1. サントリヌ矎術通 ç·š,サントリヌ矎術通
  2. 林屋蟰䞉郎著,東京倧孞出版會,林屋, 蟰䞉郎(1914-1998)||ハダシダ, タツサブロり <AU00202015>
  3. 詳説日本史図録線集委員䌚 ç·š,山川出版瀟