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「巫女の踊り」 / 立命館ARC

Miko : The Shrine Maiden

Women who perform rituals as part of their service to the gods are known as Miko. Ancient folklore tells of Himiko, from Yamataikoku, and the Empress Jingu who conveyed the oracle of gods.

Miko (Shrine maidens), young women who serve the shrine, perform rituals such as Kagura (Shinto music and dancing) and Yudate (The Boiling Water Ritual) as part of their service to the gods.

In the past, shrine maidens were seen as shamans who worshipped the gods and communicated messages from them while in a state of trance. An ancient folklore tale told of Himiko, from Yamataikoku (a historical Japanese kingdom, thought to have existed during the late Yayoi era) who confounded her people with kido (magic). Empress Jingu is also the subject of folklore which tells of her transmitting the oracle of the Sumiyoshi Sanjin (three Shinto gods).

Under the ritsuryo-based law system in ancient Japan, imperial women served as Saio (High Priestess) to Amaterasu Ohmikami (the goddess of the sun and the universe) at Ise Shrine. According to the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan), this system originated with the Imperial families, Toyosuki-iribime no Mikoto and Yamatohime no Mikoto. It continued until it was abolished during the medieval period war.

With the establishment of the modern shrine system, the status of Miko has been reduced to an assistant role, such as dancing Kagura during festivals. In modern times, there have been a few cases of shrine maidens appearing to be possessed and communicating messages from the gods or instigating ‘holy’ interventions.

For a Miko, there are no ranks equivalent to Guji (chief priest) or Negi (senior priest). There are also no particular qualifications needed to become a Miko. It is the shrine’s responsibility to train novice shrine maidens in Shinto knowledge, service manners, and Mikomai (shrine maiden dance).

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References

  1. 鎌田東二 編著,角川書店
  2. 三上敏視, 原章構成,平凡社,三上, 敏視||ミカミ, トシミ <AU00266940> 原, 章||ハラ, アキラ <AU00049087>
  3. 黒板勝美 編,岩波書店