Lesser Cuckoo (Hototogisu)
A bird whose beautiful cry was much loved by people of taste, so much so that it is the most frequently mentioned bird in the Man'yoshu
The lesser cuckoo, a member of the cuckoo family (Cuculidae), is distributed from Asia to eastern Africa. It flies to Japan in summer, breeds in various places, and like the cuckoo, is known for being a brood parasite. Its host bird is mainly the warbler. The lesser cuckoo looks a lot like the cuckoo, but is noticeably smaller, with a total length of about 28 centimeters.
The lesser cuckoo, which signals the arrival of summer, has been written about in Japanese poetry since ancient times. It is mentioned 156 times in the Man'yoshu (Collection of Myriad Leaves, after 759), making it the most mentioned animal in that collection of poetry. The lesser cuckoo usually appears in villages around May, but if it is heard singing earlier, its cry is called shinobine (whimpering). It also sings at night, which in the past gave rise to the tradition of waiting up until late at night to hear the hatsune, the cry of the lesser cuckoo heard for the first time that year.
One of the songs in Nihon no uta hyakusen (100 Selections of Japanese Songs, 2006) perfectly describes how the lesser cuckoo's shinobine announces the arrival of summer:
On the hedges of fragrant hydrangeas, little cuckoos are already crying out. Their whimpering notes that summer is here.
The following haiku poems are interesting for how they reveal, in order, the characters of the impetuous Oda Nobunaga, the forceful Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and the patient Tokugawa Ieyasu:If it doesn't sing, kill it, hototogisu.
If it doesn't sing, make it sing, hototogisu.
If it doesn't sing, wait until it sings, hototogisu.
Note that in the background of these haiku was the custom of people staying up to hear the first cry of the lesser cuckoo.
The lesser cuckoo has a red mouth. It was said that it cries until it spits out blood, and if you mimicked the cry, you too would spit out blood. In the novel Hototogisu (The Cuckoo, 1900), by Tokutomi Roka, the heroine Namiko, who suffers from tuberculosis, is likened to the lesser cuckoo. Again, Shiki Masaoka's haiku name "Shiki" (another name for Hototogisu) also likens his suffering from hemoptysis to the lesser cuckoo. Finally, the haiku magazine Hototogisu, first published in 1897 and continuing to this day, is also named after the lesser cuckoo.
The lesser cuckoo has a red mouth because chicks of the lesser cuckoo are more likely to receive food from their host parents (such as the Japanese bush warbler) when the host parent sees a red mouth.
Related People, Things and Events
Books
Literary works that feature Japanese cuckoos
Related Works
Performance playbills of the Shinpa tragedy Hototogisu (“Cuckoo”)
Institutions Holding Related Materials
東京都台東区にある博物館。地球館1Fの「地球の多様な生き物たち」でホトトギスの剥製を見ることができる。
千葉県我孫子市にある日本で初めて鳥だけを扱った博物館。ホトトギスの剥製を見ることができる。
The National Diet Library (NDL), founded in 1948, is the library which belongs to the Diet. The NDL assists the activities of the National Diet. The Library collects and conserves materials and information both from Japan and abroad, serving as a foundation of knowledge and culture and providing library services to administrative and judicial entities and Japanese citizens.
As Japan’s representative museum, Tokyo National Museum collects, preserves, displays, and researches the cultural properties of Asia with a focus on Japan, and also provides educational programs.
Kyoto National Museum collects, preserves, displays, researches and provides educational programs focusing on cultural properties from Heian- through to Edo- period Japan, when the capital was located there.
Aichi Prefectural Museum of Art was founded as the successor of the Aichi Prefectural Art Gallery, which originally opened in Sakae, the center of Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, in 1955. The museum opened in 1992 as part of the Aichi Arts Center, an urban cultural complex, and has established a wide-range collection of approximately 8,000 items, centered on works of art of the twentieth century. The Museum has also organized numerous exhibition of a wide-range of themes. The Museum has actively worked to develop and communicate new aspects of art and culture to the public, based on its core mission to serve as the primary art museum of the Chubu region.
External Links
東京都墨田区にある葛飾北斎作品を展示する美術館の収蔵品紹介。「ほととぎす聞く遊君図」を解説付きで見ることができる。
石川県七尾市にある美術館の収蔵品データベース。前田青邨画「山法師とホトトギス図」を見ることができる。
SUNTORYが運営する鳥の百科事典。特徴や鳴き声での検索もできる。
東京都八王子市にある自然史博物館。高尾山で見ることができる鳥としてホトトギスを紹介。鳴き声を聞くこともできる。
References
- 日立デジタル平凡社,平凡社
- 北斎 [画],あべのハルカス美術館, NHK大阪放送局, NHKプラネット近畿, 朝日新聞社 編,あべのハルカス美術館
- 稲本万里子 著,森話社
