Sericulture
A practice with origins in the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), ancient China’s oldest ruling dynasty. In Meiji-period Japan, it came to be an important industry in the acquisition of foreign currency.
The practice of raising silkworms and producing raw silk thread from their cocoons. Silkworms (kaiko in Japanese) are moths of the Bombyx genus in the Lepidoptera order. Japan has approximately 600 varieties. The effect of many years of selective breeding has made them unable to fly or find food on their own, meaning they require human care. Bodies of newly hatched larvae are only about 1 cm in length. About 25 days later, after molting four times, their body weights increase by about 10,000 times. Subsequently, they spend about two to three days engaged in a cocoon-spinning process. Silkworms hatched in spring are called harugo (spring silkworms), and those hatched in summer and autumn, natsugo (summer silkworms) and akigo (autumn silkworms). Currently, new varieties are also being developed through genetic modification.
The origins of sericulture are ancient, stretching back to China’s oldest ruling dynasty, the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC). Due to the existence of characters with meanings of “silkworm,” “mulberry tree,” and “thread” in oracle bone script at the time and the fact that fabric attached to buried items was made of silk, the practice of raising silkworms is thought to have originated in the Yellow River basin during the Shang dynasty. At the same time, it can also be deduced that sericulture had spread to Japan from ancient times as well, from records such as an account appearing in the Gishi Wajinden (“Records of Wei: An Account of the Wa People”), a Chinese historical chronicle completed in the second half of the 3rd century BC, describing a gift of silk offered to the Wei emperor by Queen Himiko of Yamatai-koku thought to correspond to Japan.
With the establishment of the Code of Taiho in 701 after the Taika Reforms, allotments of land (kubunden) were given to the populace by the government, where they were expected to cultivate crops including mulberry and lacquer trees, and silk was stipulated as the general form in which tributes were to be paid. As a result, by the Nara Period (710–794), silkworm cultivation had spread from the Kinki region to Kanto and Tohoku, and by the Heian Period (794–1185), throughout virtually all of Japan. In the Edo Period (1603–1868), the shogunate encouraged sericulture as a countermeasure against financial strains, and increased demand led to the development of specialization within the silk industry into trades such as silkworm egg-card production, silk-reeling, and weaving.
In 1859, with the opening of the Yokohama port, silk thread was made a key commodity in the acquisition of foreign currency as a representative export item. A lively export trade ensued, primarily with Europe, then following World War I (1914–1918), the United States came to be Japan’s number-one export counterpart. In the interim period, the Meiji government, with its aims of increasing national wealth and military power, had placed an emphasis on expanding the sericulture industry. In 1872, the first mechanical silk-reeling factory in Japan, the Tomioka Silk Mill, was established in Tomioka, Gunma Prefecture, and in 1909, Japan ascended to the position of top producer of silk thread in the world.
However, factors including sluggish demand stemming from the global financial crisis of 1929, the outbreak of World War II (1939–1945), and the popularization of inexpensive synthetic fibers caused the production of silk thread to gradually plateau, and the sericulture industry came to follow a course of decline.
In expression of how beneficial silkworms have been to people since ancient times, in Japanese, the counter suffix often used for them is -to (literally “head”) — a counter generally used for larger animals including livestock, though it may extend to smaller forms of life with particular value — rather than the expected -hiki, which is used for smaller animals and pets. In regions where sericulture has a history of flourishing, customs showing familiar or affectionate attitudes toward silkworms extend to the present day, such as referring to silkworms honorifically as “o-kaiko-sama.”
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Institutions and External Links
References
- 沢辺満智子 著,慶應義塾大学出版会
- 日本蚕糸学会 編,朝倉書店
- 鈴木芳行 著,吉川弘文館

