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暁鐘成編『西国三十三所名所図会』 / 東京国立博物館 所蔵

The 33 Sites in the Western Provinces (Saikoku sanjusan-sho)

33 sacred sites related to Kannon Bodhisattva located throughout the Kyoto region, which became a pilgrimage route in the late Heian period

“Saikoku sanjusan-sho” (33 Sites in the western provinces) is a name for 33 sacred sites related to the bodhisattva Kannon (Avalokiteshvara) scattered mainly around the Kyoto region. From the pilgrims’ practice of collecting talismans (fuda) along the way, it is also known as the 33 Fuda Sites. The significance of “33” is said to come from Kannon’s vow to appear in 33 manifestations to offer salvation to all living beings, as expounded in the Avalokiteshvara Sutra (later incorporated into the Lotus Sutra). It is one of Japan’s representative pilgrimage routes, along with the 33 Sites of Eastern Japan (Bando sanjusan ka sho) and the 88 Sites of Shikoku (Shikoku hachijuhachi-sho, or Henro). With Seiganto Temple in Nachi, Wakayama Prefecture, as its first stop, the route makes a circuit to all the old temples throughout the Kyoto region (the six prefectures of Wakayama, Osaka, Nara, Kyoto, Shiga, and Hyogo) and ends up at Kegon Temple on Mount Tanigumi in Gifu Prefecture. The route is said to trace its origins to a pilgrimage of sacred sites related to Kannon made by Tokudo Shonin, a monk from Yamato Hase Temple, or that by the cloistered Emperor Kazan. The pilgrimage route took shape in the late Heian period, and the order for the route can be seen in such works as the monk Hase Sojo’s Sankei shidai (Pilgrimage Order) from 1150 and Kakuchu’s Sanjusan-sho junrei ki (A Record of Pilgrimage to 33 Sites) from 1161. Until the Kamakura period (1180–1333), the pilgrimage was made mainly by monks and other ascetic practitioners, but from around the end of the conflict between the Southern and Northern courts (1333–1392), regional samurai and other secular types came to make the pilgrimage as well. Pilgrimages became particularly popular after the Onin War (1467–1477), and pilgrims from eastern Japan, including the Kanto region, were not uncommon. In the Warring States period (1507–1603), the 100 Sacred Kannon Sites of Japan (Nihon hyaku Kannon reijo) was established by combining the present route with the 33 Sites of Eastern Japan and the 34 Sites of Chichibu (Chichibu sanjuyon ka sho). Many other regional sacred sites were additionally established in the Edo period (1603–1867), and the practice of making pilgrimages became increasingly done for travel or leisure purposes.

霊場一覧

青岸渡寺
紀三井寺
粉河寺(以上和歌山県)
施福寺
葛井寺(以上大阪府)
壺阪寺
岡寺
長谷寺
興福寺(以上奈良県)
三室戸寺
醍醐寺(以上京都府)
岩間寺
石山寺
園城寺(以上滋賀県)
観音寺
清水寺
六波羅蜜寺
頂法寺
行願寺
善峯寺
穴太寺(以上京都府)
総持寺
勝尾寺(以上大阪府)
中山寺
清水寺
一乗寺
円教寺(以上兵庫県)
成相寺
松尾寺(以上京都府)
30
長命寺
観音正寺(以上滋賀県)
華厳寺(岐阜県)
※ 寺院・順番には史料により異同がある
青岸渡寺

Related People, Things and Events

Books

坂東三十三所、秩父三十四所

Related Works

観音信仰

Nisikie about the 33 sites in the Western Provinces (Saikoku sanjusan-sho)

Videos

External Links

  • 奈良国立博物館

  • 西国三十三所札所会による西国三十三所の詳細な参詣ガイド。宗派、本尊、御詠歌、地図、巡礼の歴史などを掲載。

References

  1. 加藤友康 [ほか]編,吉川弘文館
  2. 歴史学研究会 編,岩波書店