Cattle
Animal that contributed to the development of plow agriculture in ancient times; kept as livestock in Japan since the 4th–5th century.
Cattle are mammals of the Artiodactyle order, the Bovidae family. They were domesticated in West Asia during the early Neolithic era, and contributed to the development of plow agriculture in the ancient Oriental civilization, which was established around the year 3000 BC. In Japan, cattle remains have been excavated from shell mounds that date back to the Jomon period (c.14,000 BC – c.1,000 BC) and the Yayoi period (1,000 BC – mid-3rd century AD), but historical evidence suggests that cattle became a fixture as livestock sometime after the 4th and 5th Cattle are mammals of the Artiodactyle order, the Bovidae family. They were domesticated in West Asia during the early Neolithic era, and contributed to the development of plow agriculture in the ancient Oriental civilization, which was established around the year 3000 BC. In Japan, cattle remains have been excavated from shell mounds that date back to the Jomon period (c.14,000 BC – c.1,000 BC) and the Yayoi period (1,000 BC – mid-3rd century AD), but historical evidence suggests that cattle became a fixture as livestock sometime after the 4th and 5th century, when breeding technologies were brought to Japan from the Korean Peninsula. According to records in Shoku Nihongi (“Imperially-Commissioned Japanese History Text”), 50 dairy cattle farms existed as of 713 in Yamashiro Province (the southern part of present-day Kyoto Prefecture). An imperial decree issued by Emperor Shomu in 741 states that horses and cattle should replace people as workforce and be sustained. During the Heian period (794–1185), cattle were used to pull ox carriages, which were the vehicle of choice for members of the aristocracy. Furthermore, a dairy cattle office in charge of raising dairy cattle and providing their milk to the Imperial Family was established in Kyoto under the jurisdiction of the Tenyakuryo (Bureau of Medicine), which was responsible for providing medicaments at the Imperial Court. According to records in Shinsen Shoji Roku (“New Compilation of the Register of Families”), a genealogical record of ancient clans compiled in 815, the official appointed to the position called Chichi-no-osa-no-kami (lit. “Chief of the Milk”) at the Bureau of Medicine was a descendant of the person who gave cow milk to Emperor Kotoku and was granted the title Yamato-no-Kusushi-no-Omi (“Commissioner of Medicine in Yamato”).
On the other hand, it is difficult to find historical records that milk products were used from the Kamakura period (1185–1333) to the mid-Edo period (1700–1750). The abidance by the sessho-kai (the Buddhist principle that prohibited the killing of living things) led to a long-lasting aversion to meat among the Japanese, so until the Meiji period (1868–1912), cattle were used mainly for agricultural and transportation purposes. Religious beliefs that worshipped a cow god can be found in the Kinki region, Chugoku region, and Shikoku region. Furthermore, the farmers’ custom of leading cattle into the sea or a river and letting them graze and rest as a form of purification on the last day of the sixth lunar month, which is called “nagoshi” (lit. “summer passing”), is preserved to this day in some areas in Japan.
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岩手県奥州市にある牛をテーマにした博物館。牛の標本や資料を展示する。
External Links
酪農学園大学監修。乳製品のレシピ集や公開講座の動画、世界の乳文化特集、農林水産省の統計サイトなど、酪農に関する様々な情報を発信している。
公益社団法人中央畜産会が運営し、農家の生活や、牛・豚・鶏などの畜産動物について飼育法などを解説する。
食品メーカー「日本ハム」のホームページ。「牛肉の基礎知識」として品種・部位について解説する。
References
- 遠藤秀紀 著,東京大学出版会
- 篠田知和基 著,八坂書房
- 鈴木棠三 [著],KADOKAWA
- 井本英一 著,法政大学出版局
- 鄭高詠 著,白帝社