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Horse (Uma)

Odd-toed ungulates of the Equidae family that have been a part Japanese life since traditional times, especially for military and transportation uses

The horse is a mammal belonging to the Equidae family of odd-toed ungulates. Horses appeared in North America 50 million years ago, migrated to the Asian continent about 2.6 million years ago at the beginning of the Quaternary Period, and evolved into present-day horses in the Old World.

       Excluding donkeys and zebras, the only true wild horse species in existence today is Przewalski's horse. Domestic horses are a domesticated subspecies of Przewalski's horse and are thought to have been domesticated in the Iranian Plateau, Western Turkestan, and elsewhere around 3000 BC.

       There are about 200 varieties of horses of different sizes and shapes. Shoulder heights range from 1.2 to 1.8 meters, with most horses having a shoulder height of about 1.5 meters. Horses have a long-haired mane from the top of the head to the shoulders, and their hooves are large and sturdy. They are gentle in nature and can be used for riding, transporting, farming, and more. Horses were an important type of livestock in the past before transportation and machinery were well developed. Horse meat, called sakura niku (cherry meat) in Japanese, is edible, and horse bones and skins also have uses.

       Seven species have been bred in Japan since at least from traditional times, including the Hokkaido horse Dosanko, the Kiso horse, the Misaki horse of Cape Toi in Miyazaki Prefecture, and the Taishu horse of Tsushima.

       From the Meiji era (1868-1912) on, various horse varieties have been imported. Examples include the relatively small Arabian and Thoroughbred breeds for riding and racing; the Anglo-Norman and Hackney breeds, which are stronger than riding horses and are suitable for pulling light vehicles; and the large, stout, powerful Percheron breed used for pulling carts and heavy plows.

       Whether to pull chariots or for riding in battle, horses were used for military purposes in battles all over the world. In Japan, the Yamato Court (4th-7th centuries) built a horse ranch in the eastern part of the country, and in the lunar Eighth Month when horses were dedicated to the court, a ceremony called Komahiki (Leading the Ponies) was held. Throughout Japanese history, pack horses were used for moving troops, and riding horses were used for military commanders to ride. Military and transport uses were emphasized, and the use of horses for towing carts and pulling cultivation equipment was never well developed. After military transport and commander riding horses, the second most common use of horses was for communication and contact with other parts of the country. For communication, post stations were set up with horses on hand to relay messages to the next post station (the post station system). Since horses are more vulnerable to heat than oxen, in western Japan, oxen were the main source of power for cultivation, while horses were used in the colder eastern part of Japan.

       Since ancient times, horses have been regarded as transportation for the gods, and there was a custom of donating them to shrines. Japanese have the custom of writing wishes on small wooden plaques called ema and hanging them at shrines for the gods to receive the wishes. There is a theory that ema (literally, picture horses) originated when people who could not afford to offer real horses to the shrine gave these plaques instead. In addition, people raced horses to pray for good harvests and tell fortunes. When one's horse died, it was enshrined as Hayagriva, the horse-headed Kannon bodhisattva.

       White horses were offered at shrines during festivals to Shinto gods. They were also used as riding horses by aristocrats. A white horse was called aouma in association with Aouma no sechie (White Horse Festival), in which the emperor sees horses on the seventh day of the new year. An aouma was a white or gray horse. It was originally written using the Chinese characters 青馬, but later the Chinese characters used were changed to 白馬 shirouma, meaning white horse.

       There are many stories of famous horses from ancient times, but especially famous are Ikezuki and Surusumi, two horses that appeared in the thick of fighting in the Battle of Uji in Heike monogatari (The Tale of the Heike.)

Related People, Things and Events

Books

Literary works that feature horses

Related Works

Harnesses (saddles, stirrups, etc.)

Sancai figures of horses

Haniwa figures of horses

Videos

TitleshusaiPlaceopenclose
東京都写真美術館2001/12/12002/2/24
八戸市美術館2002/4/272002/6/30
高浜市やきものの里かわら美術館2003/7/52003/8/17
本郷新記念 札幌彫刻美術館2005/6/242005/8/21
馬の博物館2011/2/172011/4/17
長野県信濃美術館 東山魁夷館2010/7/152010/9/28
馬の博物館2011/4/232011/6/5
馬の博物館2010/10/22010/12/5
鹿追町民ホール2017/10/32017/10/10
宮崎県立西都原考古博物館2009/1/162009/3/15
大倉集古館2009/1/22009/3/15
鹿児島市立美術館2010/5/252010/7/19
財団法人 島田美術館2010/9/32010/12/26
馬の博物館2011/2/172011/4/17
JRA競馬博物館2010/10/62011/2/3
岩手町立石神の丘美術館2010/12/42010/12/23
清里フォトアートミュージアム2002/7/202003/1/19
馬の博物館2010/12/112011/2/13

Institutions Holding Related Materials

  • 尻屋崎周辺で放牧されている。雪の中佇む姿が有名。

  • 野生化した御崎馬を見ることができる。御崎馬の歴史などが学べる「うまの館」がある。

  • 木曽馬が放牧されている。馬車で場内を周ることができる。

  • 福島県相馬市で毎年7月末の土・日・月曜日に行われる三つの妙見社の祭礼で、国指定重要無形民俗文化財に登録されている。古式競馬、甲冑競馬、野馬懸などを見ることができる。

  • The National Diet Library (NDL), founded in 1948, is the library which belongs to the Diet. The NDL assists the activities of the National Diet. The Library collects and conserves materials and information both from Japan and abroad, serving as a foundation of knowledge and culture and providing library services to administrative and judicial entities and Japanese citizens.

  • As Japan’s representative museum, Tokyo National Museum collects, preserves, displays, and researches the cultural properties of Asia with a focus on Japan, and also provides educational programs.

  • The Tokyo Fuji Art Museum is founded on November 3, 1983, in Hachioji, a thriving university town in the western suburbs of the Japanese capital. Priding itself as “a museum creating bridges around the world” to facilitate the exchange of different cultures, our museum has forged cordial relations with art museums and cultural institutes in 32 countries and territories to date. We do so by bringing the world’s finest works of art to Japan while reciprocating in kind by introducing the finest Japanese treasures to the world through special exhibitions that showcase their beauty and wonder through a unique new set of prisms and perspectives. Our museum possesses some 30,000 pieces of artworks from various periods and cultures including Japanese, Eastern and Western works, ranging from paintings, prints, photography, sculptures, ceramics and lacquer ware to armor, swords and medallions. Especially noteworthy is its outstanding collection of Western oil paintings that spans a five-hundred-year period from the Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, and Romanticism to Impressionism and contemporary art, as well as its exceptional collection of photographic masterpieces that can give an overview of the history of photography from the birth of the photograph to the present age.

  • Nara National Museum collects, preserves, displays, researches and provides educational programs about cultural properties with a focus on Buddhist art.

  • Kyoto National Museum collects, preserves, displays, researches and provides educational programs focusing on cultural properties from Heian- through to Edo- period Japan, when the capital was located there.

External Links

  • 「桑島流秘伝馬医巻物」や「馬医醍醐」など貴重書が見られる。

  • 現役から引退した馬や牧場の情報などを調べることができる。

References

  1. 日立デジタル平凡社,平凡社