Tiger
A uniquely fearless Asian beast-of-prey, and a preferred subject of paintings since the Muromachi period
A mammal of the Carnivora order, Felidae family, the tiger is an Asian beast-of-prey that reaches approximately 2m in full length, and together with the lion is one of the largest species in the Felidae family. Tiger fossils estimated to be hundreds of thousands of years old have been excavated in Russia and China, so scientists believe that tigers originated in the cold-climate zones of northern Asia, and gradually moved south. Today, their habitat has expanded to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia, in countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, and Central Asian countries such as India. However, in recent years, the tiger population has declined due to overhunting and environmental habitat destruction, and tigers are designated an endangered species. According to data from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the current global population of tigers is estimated to be slightly over 3,000.
As a uniquely fearsome beast-of-prey, the tiger has been the subject of religious beliefs and legends since ancient times. In Chinese mythology, one of the shishin (the four Taoist gods said to reign over the four directions) is the White Tiger. Even in Japan, where there are no tigers, images of the shishin are depicted in wall paintings inside the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, which was built during the Asuka period (592–710). Tigers are also featured in Nihon Shoki (“The Chronicles of Japan”) and Manyoshu (“Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves”). Clearly, the image of tigers was conveyed to Japan at an early stage through various cultural artefacts from continental Asia, such as literary sources, tiger furs, drawings, etc. Many paintings created during the late Muromachi period (from around 1467 to around 1573) feature compositions that combine a dragon and a tiger, or a tiger and bamboo trees. Dragon and Tiger, a painting on a pair of folding screens created by Tanan Chiden, a disciple of Soami who played a vital role in the establishment of the Higashiyama Culture, is considered to be the oldest existing work of art in Japan featuring a tiger as the motif. Other artists, such as Sesson and Tohaku Hasegawa, also painted similar motifs. Particularly well known are the tiger paintings by Tanyu Kano and Okyo Maruyama created during the Edo period (1603–1868).
Related People, Things and Events
Books
Related Works
Ryuko-zu (tiger and dragon paintings) and taketora-zu (bamboo and tiger paintings)
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Search for past exhibitions
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Institutions Holding Related Materials
The National Diet Library (NDL), founded in 1948, is the library which belongs to the Diet. The NDL assists the activities of the National Diet. The Library collects and conserves materials and information both from Japan and abroad, serving as a foundation of knowledge and culture and providing library services to administrative and judicial entities and Japanese citizens.
The National Archives is an organization for preserving, as historical materials, public records and archives of importance transferred from state organs, and providing them for public use, with the aim of achieving appropriate preservation and use of such public records and archives that are kept in the National Archives or state organs as historical materials.
As Japan’s representative museum, Tokyo National Museum collects, preserves, displays, and researches the cultural properties of Asia with a focus on Japan, and also provides educational programs.
Kyoto National Museum collects, preserves, displays, researches and provides educational programs focusing on cultural properties from Heian- through to Edo- period Japan, when the capital was located there.
京都府京都市に所在。寛永16(1639)年に西本願寺境内に設置された「学寮」に始まる龍谷大学の図書館として、明暦元年(1655)頃には、資料の収集・提供という図書館機能が展開され始めたと伝承される。「六韜」を所蔵。
External Links
世界自然保護基金(WWF)内の特設サイト。トラの生態や種類、各国の保護活動など、絶滅の危機にあるトラに関するさまざまな情報を掲載する。
兵庫県姫路市に所在。2009年末に開催された「日本一の虎玩具展」の特設サイトで、虎玩具収集家の長尾善三氏のコレクションを中心に、展覧会に出品された虎の郷土玩具の一部を紹介する。
References
- 小林責, 西哲生, 羽田昶 著,筑摩書房
- 井本英一 著,法政大学出版局
- 鄭高詠 著,白帝社
- 鈴木棠三 [著],KADOKAWA
- 平凡社
- 小原秀雄 [ほか]編著,講談社
