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『大日本沿海輿地全図』（大図）　第93図　武蔵・相模 / 国立国会図書館

Ino Maps

The first scientific maps of Japan based on actual measurements, created from surveys by Tadataka Ino and completed by Kageyasu Takahashi

Work Edo period Chiba Tokyo Geography/Topography/Travel Transportation & Traffic

“Ino Maps” is the popular name for the maps of Dai Nihon enkai yochi zenzu (Maps of Coastlines of Great Japan). They are the first scientific maps of Japan based on actual measurements. Tadataka Ino conducted surveys and was in the process of creating the maps when he fell ill and passed away. His supervisor Kageyasu Takahashi took over the project and completed the maps in 1821. The maps take into account the spherical shape of the Earth and are based on precise astronomical observations and measurements of distance and directions. The collection consists of three types of maps—large scale, medium scale, and small scale—covering the entire territory of Japan. Specifically, there are 214 large-scale maps with a scale of 1:36,000, 8 medium-scale maps with a scale of 1:216,000, and three small-scale maps with a scale of 1:432,000. The Shogunate kept these maps as a state secret and did not release them publicly. In 1828 the co-called Siebold Incident occurred. Philipp Franz von Siebold, a German physician, botanist and traveler, was discovered to be in possession of copies of some of the small-scale maps as he was trying to leave Japan. Siebold eventually succeeded in secretly making and bringing out of Japan new copies of the maps, which he presented in Europe to critical acclaim. Later, when basic maps were created during the Meiji period, the Survey Department at the Staff Headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army used the medium-scale Ino Maps as the basis for editing and creating maps with a scale of 1:200,000. These maps were widely used as the most popular maps of the Meiji period (1868–1912).

Related People, Things and Events

  • The creator of the Ino Maps. Conducted actual measurements and surveys all over Japan.

  • Supervisor of Tadataka Ino. Completed the Ino Maps.

  • Secretly brought copies of the Ino Maps out of Japan and presented them to the West.

  • A general name for maps of Japan created in the Edo period or earlier

  • A map of Japan widely used during the Edo Period (1603 –1868). Created by Sekisui Nagakubo.

  • A series of provincial pictorial maps created by daimyo across Japan on the order of the Tokugawa Shogunate

  • Detailed maps made during the Edo period that, though they did not show accurate distances, were useful for navigating daily life

Books

伊能図の大図・中図・小図について

伊能忠敬が作成した日本地図は、総称して「伊能図」といわれ、大きく分類すると「大図」(1/36,000：214枚)、「中図」(1/216,000：8枚)、「小図」(1/432,000：3枚)とその他の図となる。このうち大図は実測図で、これを縮小して中図、小図が作られた。大図作成のための測量は、方位と距離を野帳に記録しながら沿岸や街道を進行する方法で行われた。また、最終の大図1枚の大きさはほぼ畳1枚ほどあり、日本列島を214枚でカバーする膨大なものであった。しかし、幕府提出図は、明治6年（1873）の皇居炎上の際に焼失し、東京帝国大学に提出・保管されていた伊能家控図も大正12年（1923）の関東大震災で焼失してしまった。 現存する大図は、大名家にあった部分的な写図と明治初期に模写された写図など60枚程度しか分かっていない。なお、下記では大図を国立国会図書館所蔵の43枚と国土地理院所蔵の214枚、中図を東京国立博物館所蔵の8枚と国土地理院所蔵の6枚、小図を東京国立博物館所蔵の3枚で表示した。

大日本沿海輿地全図（大図　国立国会図書館所蔵）

  • [伊能忠敬] [測量・製作]

伊能大図彩色図（大図　北海道　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　東北地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　関東地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　中部地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　近畿地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　中国地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　四国地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能大図彩色図（大図　九州地方　国土地理院所蔵）

伊能忠敬日本図（中図　東京国立博物館所蔵）

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

  • 東京国立博物館,Tokyo National Museum

    <p>In the early-19th century, Ino Tadataka surveyed the entire nation of Japan on foot and produced a detailed map of Japan. This is a famous episode in Japanese history. Tadataka made maps at three different scales, small, medium and large. This is his medium-scale map, which represents the Japanese Archipelago at 1:216,000 scale across eight charts. It accurately records land elevation and bearing, and mountains, rivers, roads, harbors, castles, temples, and more are marked on it with minute labels. Its precision compares favorably even to present-day maps. Its careful lines and colors make it impressive as a painting as well.<br /><br />Ino Tadataka embarked on his nation survey in 1800 at the age of 56, far from young for the time. He divided Japan into areas and completed the project over the course of 17 years and 10 expeditions. The survey teams led by Tadataka traveled all of Japan on foot carrying specialized equipment, produced maps of each region based on the results of their survey and submitted their maps to the samurai government in Edo. Even after Tadataka’s death in 1818, his apprentices carried on his work compiling the results of his surveys into maps. In 1821, they completed the 255-page compilation and submitted it to the samurai government as a finished work, with three pages for the small map, eight for the medium map, and 214 for the large map. The edition they submitted to the government was, unfortunately, destroyed by a fire in 1873, but copies made based on the same survey data and maps submitted before the compilation survived. The Tokyo National Museum has a number of these high-quality copies and pre-complete-edition maps in its collections. This map is one of them. It was previously passed down through the Matsudaira clan of Yoshida Domain, Mikawa Province in present-day Aichi Prefecture. At the time of Tadataka’s survey, a member of this clan held an important post in the samurai government.</p>

伊能中図（中図　国土地理院所蔵　北海道の2枚を欠く）

日本国図（小図　東京国立博物館所蔵）

Related Works

  • 伊能忠敬が使った測量具。この道具を置いて曳いて歩くと、下についている車が回り、距離を表示する数字のついている歯車が回って距離を表示できるようになっている。

  • 伊能忠敬が使った天体観測器具。測量地の緯度を求めるために、北極星などの高度を観測した。

  • 東京国立博物館

    重要文化財。今井八九郎が蝦夷地測量に携行した紙製の測量具で、羅針盤である。江戸時代に広く測量に用いられ、方位・方角を測った。伊能忠敬の日本図製作にも使われ（杖の先に銅あるいは真鍮製の小方儀を載せたもの）、その用途は測量から土木工事まで幅広い。

Past Exhibitions

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Institutions Holding Related Materials

  • 千葉県香取市佐原に所在する記念館。香取市HPのうちの「伊能忠敬記念館」のページでは、目次の「伊能忠敬とは」をクリックすると、伊能忠敬年表によってその人生を年代順に追いかけることができ、「資料」および「資料画像提供」をクリックすると、香取市内の史跡や測量器具などの紹介を見ることができる。

  • 千葉県香取市佐原に所在。代々名主をつとめ、家業として酒造業を営んでいた伊能家の旧宅。現在も店舗・正門・書院・土蔵が残っており、国指定史跡（昭和5年4月25日指定）となっている（香取市HPより）。

  • The National Diet Library (NDL), founded in 1948, is the library which belongs to the Diet. The NDL assists the activities of the National Diet. The Library collects and conserves materials and information both from Japan and abroad, serving as a foundation of knowledge and culture and providing library services to administrative and judicial entities and Japanese citizens.

  • GSI, being the competent authority of the Survey Act, conducts national surveying and mapping activities, which provide a basis for the land management.

  • The National Archives is an organization for preserving, as historical materials, public records and archives of importance transferred from state organs, and providing them for public use, with the aim of achieving appropriate preservation and use of such public records and archives that are kept in the National Archives or state organs as historical materials.

External Links

  • 大中小の三種類がある「伊能図」のうち、国会図書館は「大図」43枚を所蔵している。本ページは、ディジタル貴重書展のうちの「和漢書の部」の「第3章　大日本沿海輿地全図」として、解説を行っている。

  • 国立国会図書館が運営するサイト「リサーチ・ナビ」より。国立国会図書館が所蔵する原資料・復刻版や図書などを使用して、伊能図についての解説を行っている。

  • 茨城県つくば市にある国土地理院のホームページに掲載された「古地図コレクション」より。画像とともに伊能図の解説がなされている。「伊能図　一覧」からは、より詳細な伊能図の部分図を閲覧することができる。また「伊能大図彩色図 索引図」からは、実際の日本地図から閲覧したい地域を選択し、その地域の伊能図を閲覧することができる。

  • 測地原稿図（そくちげんこうず）は、19世紀初めに伊能忠敬により行われた測量の結果を記した下図で、93枚から成る。国内外の様々な機関でこのような測量図が所蔵されており、総称して「伊能図」とも呼ばれる。この「測地原稿図」も含め、膨大な量の測量結果に基づき、文政4年（1821）に「大日本沿海輿地全図」が完成した。「伊能図」の特徴の一つに、紙を重ねて下図の上から各点を針で突き、下の紙に写し取りを行ったことから、無数の針穴が残っていることが挙げられる。本サイトで公開する画像でも、墨線に沿って針穴が並んでいることが確認できる。

  • NHK for Schoolより。大日本沿海輿地全図は伊能図とも呼ばれ、大図・中図・小図の3種類があり、地名・記号や寺社などが詳しく描かれた地図もあると、動画で紹介している。

  • 一般社団法人 東京都測量設計業協会HPより。「佐原時代の忠敬」「第二の人生への挑戦」「測量の旅立ち」「伊能図の完成」の4回で、その生涯と業績を紹介している。

  • 東京都立図書館HPより。

  • 国土地理院HPより。人物名の一覧から人物をクリックし、伊能忠敬や高橋景保らの解説を読むことができる。

References

  1. [伊能忠敬] [著],渡辺一郎 監修,河出書房新社
  2. 井上ひさし 著,講談社
  3. 「大日本沿海輿地全図」の項
  4. 「伊能図」の項
  5. 「伊能図」の項
  6. サンプルページ「伊能忠敬」の項
  7. 歴史学研究会 編,岩波書店
Responsibility
National Diet Library
Secondary Usage

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Last updated
January 31, 2024